It promotes cancer cell invasion and metastasis by influencing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), releasing inflammatory mediators, and recruiting downstream target molecules, thereby promoting early tumor formation and tumorigenesis ( 13– 16). SMC1A is highly expressed in a variety of malignancies, including colorectal and prostate cancer, and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Recent studies have shown that members of the SMC family are widely involved in the pathological progression of tumors. They often aggregate at sites of DNA double-strand breaks to promote homologous recombination repair, and therefore play an important role in DNA damage responses ( 12).ĭifferent types of SMC family mutations can change the cohesion or adhesion of DNA, and at the same time affect various life processes involving chromosomal DNA, leading to the occurrence of various cancers. SMC5 and SMC6 form a complex closed by kleisin, similar to the structure of cohesin and condensin. SMC2 and SMC4 are part of a five-subunit lectin complex ( 11). Six family members form the core of three different multi-subunit protein complexes, of which SMC1 and SMC3 form a v-type heterodimer, which is the main component of the cohesive complex ( 10). There are six members of the SMC family: SMC1-SMC6, and which there are two variants of SMC1, namely SMC1A and SMC1B ( 9). As the central regulator of chromosome dynamics, the SMC family can control the cohesion of sister chromatids, chromosomal condensation, DNA replication, DNA repair and transcription ( 8). Most DNA-based processes are affected by the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein family. Hence, the search for new treatments and prognostic biomarkers to improve survival of patients with HCC is urgently required. Advanced treatments such as trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) have little effect on improving the survival time of patients with HCC ( 7). As one of the most aggressive malignant tumors, the effect of surgical treatment is limited and only applicable to a small number of patients with early HCC ( 4– 6). The National Center for Health Statistics shows that HCC is the fifth-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide ( 2, 3). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a primary cancer of the liver, is the most frequent malignant tumor globally ( 1). In conclusion, our findings will enhance a more thorough understanding of the SMC family in HCC progression and provide new directions for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC in the future. Immune infiltration analysis revealed that the expression of the SMC family is closely associated with B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and DCs. Using KEGG and GO analyses, we analyzed the enrichment of gene expression in the biological functions and pathways of the SMC family in HCC. Moreover, HCC patients with high SMC2 and SMC4 expression levels exhibit poor survival. Studies have demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of SMC1A, SMC1B, SMC2, SMC4, and SMC6 are significantly overexpressed in HCC, and the protein levels of SMC1A, SMC2, SMC3, SMC4, SMC5, and SMC6 are similarly elevated.
#Smc fan control 2.1.3 series
In this study, we comprehensively explored the role of the SMC family in HCC using a series of bioinformatic analysis tools. Nevertheless, the role of SMC members in HCC is not well-understood. The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) gene family has been shown to play important roles in human cancers. Worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant cancers with poor prognosis.
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